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Microbial culture is a technique used to grow and maintain microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast, in a controlled environment. This technique is used for various applications, such as…

CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) expression systems are widely used for the production of therapeutic recombinant proteins. CHO cells are mammalian cells that are easy to manipulate genetically and are capable…

Therapeutic recombinant proteins are proteins that are produced by recombinant DNA technology for use as pharmaceutical drugs. These proteins are engineered to mimic natural proteins that are normally produced in…

Mammalian cells are used in the manufacture of a wide range of therapeutic proteins, including monoclonal antibodies, growth factors, hormones, and enzymes. These proteins are produced using bioreactors, which are…

Mammalian cells are widely used in medical and pharmaceutical research because they can provide important insights into the behavior of human cells and tissues, and can be used to test…

One of the most commonly used mammalian cells in scientific research is the HEK 293 cell line. HEK 293 cells are derived from human embryonic kidney cells and were originally…

Radiation studies involve the investigation of the effects of ionizing radiation on living organisms, including humans. These studies are important for understanding the potential health risks associated with exposure to…

The mouse fibroblast cell line 3T3 is a well-established model for tissue culture. 3T3 cells are commonly used in research for a variety of purposes, including drug development, gene expression…

Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are a cell line derived from the ovaries of the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus). CHO cells are commonly used in biotechnology and pharmaceutical research for…

There are several animal species with a low chromosome number. One example is the Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak), a small deer native to southern Asia. The Indian muntjac has a…